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　　《金榜图书?2014赵敏考研英语系列:60天突破考研英语翻译?完形填空》由命中考研英语翻译?完形填空之知晓篇、技巧篇和实战篇等3大篇构成。其中前2篇是对考研英语翻译?完形填空的基础理论技巧的讲解；后的之3篇——实战篇则为具体的习题训练篇。

命中考研翻译?完形填空之一——知晓篇

节 中国研究生入学考试英语卷概述

第二节 考研翻译部分概述

第三节 考研完形填空部分概述

命中考研翻译?完形填空之二——技巧篇

章 考研翻译部分解题技巧

节 翻译的基本方法

第二节 考研中翻译的解题步骤

第三节 定语从句翻译专题

第四节 状语结构翻译专题

第五节 被动结构翻译专题

第六节 考研翻译中的两大杀手锏：省略现象、倒装现象

第二章 考研完形填空部分解题技巧

节 考研完形填空考点分析及解题步骤

第二节 考研完形填空真题演示及解题原则

命中考研翻译?完形填空之三——60天实战篇

实战之——翻译篇

实战之——完形填空篇

　　赵敏，“翻译王”，联合国会议同传，英国伦敦大学高级访问学者。全国著名考研辅导专家，新浪网考研特约撰稿专家，国家行政学院出版社考研英语全套教材总主编。讲课脉络清晰，条例清楚、逻辑性强，力求帮助学生在短的时间内轻松掌握阅读、英译汉等技巧，以其时尚、独到、犀利又不乏睿智、幽默的授课风格深受学生喜爱。

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　　命中考研翻译、完型填空之知晓篇

　　节 中国研究生入学考试英语卷概述

　　为了我国的高等教育可以选拔出优秀的人才，是我们的研究生们能在英语技能上更适应与国际接轨，在《大纲》中*明确指出：非英语专业研究生入学考试要考查学生的英语综合应用能力，为更好的迎合这一目标，2005年改革后的研究生入学考试笔试部分在考试内容、考试题型、成绩计算和分值比例等方面都做了相应的调整。关于考研考试题型和各部分分值比例如下表所列：

　　考试内容 题目 分值 考查点

　　完型填空 20题 10分 词汇辨析

　　阅读理解 20题 40分 综合理解

　　新题型 5题 10分 逻辑推理

　　翻译 5题（一卷）/一段（二卷） 10分 句式结构

　　写作 2篇 30分 综合应用

　　考试时间共计3个小时，考生们可以在答题顺序和时间分配上自行调整。

　　第二节 考研翻译部分概述

　　翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言和语言之间的一种转换，要求在准确完整的理解原文的基础上用另一种语言来忠实表达出其含义的艺术。谈到翻译的标准，我们首先想到的是中国近代翻译家严复老先生在翻译《天演论》一书中所提出的三字方针：信、达、雅！翻译必须兼顾两方面：一要“求其易懂、”、而要保持“原作丰姿”，这是一种戴着镣铐的舞蹈。根据全国硕士研究生入学统一考试大纲的规定，翻译部分主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。在英语一卷中，要求考生阅读一篇约400字的文章，并将其5个画线的部分（160---200词汇）译成汉语；在英语二卷中，要求考生阅读并翻译一段包含6至8句话的完整短文（160---200词汇）。要求考生做到“准确、完整、通顺”这六字方针。

　　例如：

　　1、2012年考研英语试卷一翻译部分：

　　Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the

underlined segments into Chinese．Your translation should be written

clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles

has characterized the scientific enterprise．In some ways, this

quest for commonalities defines science．Newton’s laws of motion and

Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a

single explicatory framework.

　　(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification

to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything – a single

generative equation for all we see．It is becoming less clear,

however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the

dimensions and universes that it might entail．Nonetheless,

unification of sorts remains a major goal.

　　This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in

the social sciences too．(47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer

justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems

reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced

to more constrained beginnings．Just as the bewildering variety of

human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual

selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and

religious customs and even history are governed by universal

features．(48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared

might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose

and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

　　That, at least, is the hope．But a comparative study of linguistic

traits published online today supplies a reality check．Russell Gray

at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the

evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find

universality in language.

　　The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,

who suggested that humans are born with an innate

language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar．A

few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire

fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can

learn it so quickly.

　　(49) The second, by Greenberg, takes a more empirical

approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word

order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent

biases that result from cognitive constraints.

　　Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining

four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000

languages．(50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language

change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway

tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts

strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order

relations．Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis,

suggesting that the structures of the languages are

lineage-specific and not governed by universals.

　　2、2012年考研英语试卷二翻译部分：

　　Translate the following text from English into Chinese．Write your

translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　When people in developing countries worry about migration, they

are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest

departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the

developed world．These are the kind of workers that countries like

Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration

rules that privilege college graduates.

　　Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from

developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate．A big

survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of

emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with

around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25．This “brain drain” has

long bothered policymakers in poor counties．They fear that it hurts

their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who

could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals

and come up with clever new products for their factories to

make.

　　由于所考查的文章范围广、题材多，涉及经济、社会生活、政治、文学、历史、法律、哲学、心理学以及科普等诸多领域。这一题目要求考生在理解长难句型结构的基础上掌握基本的翻译方法和技巧，对学生的词汇以及语言结构的能力要求较高。从近十多年的考研针体来分析，翻译题目没有较大变化，试题难度级别属于中等偏难。从语言结构上来分析，历年考研翻译考试中主要从五种语言结构现象：定语结构、状语结构、名词性从句结构、分词结构和被动结构这五个主要的语言结构难点来进行考查。需要考生们在复习过程中打下扎实的语言词汇和语言结构功底，并能灵活使用一定的翻译方法和技巧，在复习中力求做到：细中求全、全中求稳、稳中求精、精中求胜！

　　第三节 考研完型填空部分概述

　　完型填空是考研英语试卷中另一种传统的考试形式，在一篇320---380字的一篇文章中去掉20个词汇（或词组），并给出四个选项可供选择，要求考生根据原文上下文的内容，选出恰当适合原文的选项。

　　例如：

　　Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily

exercise precious to health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary,

laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness．Laughter

does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its

blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption．But because hard

laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5

benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

　　6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does,

laughter apparently accomplishes the 7 , studies dating back to the

1930’s indicate that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for

up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

　　Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of

psychological stress．Anyway, the act of laughing probably does

produce other types of 10 feedback, that improve an individual’s

emotional state．11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings

are partially rooted 12 physical reactions．It was argued at the end

of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they

become sad when the tears begin to flow.

　　Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions

can flow 15 muscular responses．In an experiment published in 1988,

social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in

Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth –

thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which

would produce a(n) 17 expression．Those forced to exercise their

smiling muscles 18 more exuberantly to funny cartoons than did

those whose months were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions

may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20 ,

the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

　　1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like

　　2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce

　　3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining

　　4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe

　　5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable

　　6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief

　　7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected

　　8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes

　　9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance

　　10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal

　　11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for

　　12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at

　　13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because

　　14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses

　　15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond

　　16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold

　　17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent

　　18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted

　　19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing

　　20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely

　　完形填空是在语篇的基础上对各语言要素，如词汇，表达方式和结构进行考查。完形填空的文章作为一个完整的语篇，必然阐述了一个完整的主题，表达了一个整体的思想概念。完形填空题主要从四个角度来进行命题测试：词义辨析、固定搭配、语言结构、逻辑推理。在各种解题技巧手段中，语义衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接和固定搭配是四种较为常用的文章前后衔接手段。这四种衔接手段就构成了考研英语完形填空的四种出题类型。

　　词汇辨析题

　　语义衔接是指句子和句子之间依靠上下文的语义关系而形成连贯的语篇。这种衔接形式在完形填空中表现为同义词或形近实词（如名词、动词、形容词、副词等）的选择。这类实词的选择辨析题在考研完形填空中的比例很高，大约占70%。

　　逻辑推理题

　　语篇中的逻辑衔接是指句子之间或句子内部各成分之间，通过连接性词语的运用，实现语义上的连贯。通过逻辑衔接，人们可以了解句子或句群之间的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义。因此在完形填空中所说的连接性词语既包括句子语法的连词这个词类，也包括具有连接意义的副词或介词短语，逻辑衔接反映在考题上主要是选择逻辑连接词（包括反映句际逻辑关系的连接词、介词、短语等）。如英语中的later，consequently，in

the meantime等等。

　　篇章结构题

　　英语中有一些固定的结构，如平行结构、强调结构、主谓一致、倒装结构等。结构衔接题也就是对语法关系（尤其是句法关系）的考查。结构衔接反映在选项上常以关系代词、关系副词、人称代词、不定代词、副词等形式出现。通过这些固定结构的衔接，语义取得了连贯。

　　固定搭配题

　　固定搭配也可以称之为惯用衔接。主要是指动词与介词、副词；名词与介词、名词；介词与名词等的固定搭配，这类试题在考研完形填空试题中约占10%。具体表现为介词与副词的选择，但不能因此简单认为是对介词或副词的用法考查，而是由于选项中的介词或副词与文中的某个动词、名词、或形容词形成习惯用法，所以在类型上属于惯用衔接。应对这类考题，要求考生必须熟悉掌握大纲中列举的常用词组与固定搭配。需要特别注意的是：在许多的词义辨析题中，名词、动词、或形容词的选择也与上下文中与其搭配的介词或副词有直接的关系。

　　完形填空主要测试广大考生们以词汇为核心的语言综合运用能力，包括基础知识的掌握和运用，对整个文章逻辑联系的理解，在情景中辨析词义的能力以及词组短语搭配的使用能力，这是大部分考生认为难度的考查项目。有的甚至对完形填空产生了恐惧心理，导致全军覆没。其实只要我们有扎实的词汇语言功底，有良好的心理素质和自信心，再加上一定的技巧，完形填空并不是不可逾越的鸿沟。

　　……

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